Disseminating-Evidence Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Disseminating-Evidence Project - Essay Example Conversely, induced hypothermia can also occur through non-invasive means, typically involving the use of a chilled water blanket, leg wraps or torso vests placed in direct contact with the skin of the patient. Previously conducted studies indicate that patients with the potential risk for ischemic brain injuries have immense chances positive outcomes when treated with an induced hypothermia protocol (Binks et al. 2010). This paper will examine the medical protocol of induced hypothermia, discussing its inherent advantages on neurological outcomes. The paper will provide an account of induced hypothermia, describing the different protocols and effects of hypothermia on the human brain. The paper will culminate with a comprehensive dissemination plan that entails a roundtable discussion. Since its inception, induced hypothermia protocols have proved quite effective. Background Medical practitioners have applied hypothermia therapeutically since ancient times. The history of induced hy pothermia dates as far back as the Hippocrates era although the first published medical article on induced hypothermia was in 1945. The world’s initial modern doctor i.e. Greek physician Hippocrates endorsed the packing of injured soldiers using ice and snow. Napoleonic surgeon Dominique Jean Larrey observed that officers kept near fire had lower survival chances than officers kept in cold environments. The study first published in 1945 focused on the impacts of hypothermia on patients affected by head injuries. In the mid 20th century, hypothermia obtained its initial medical application used in intracerbal aneurysm surgery with a view to establish a bloodless field. Notably, most of the initial research into induced hypothermia concentrated on the application of deep hypothermia i.e. applications of body temperatures between 20-25 Â °C. This extreme drop in body temperature produces an array of effects that made the application of deep hypothermia quite impractical. The 19 50s also saw intense investigation of mild forms of induced hypothermia, i.e. 32-34 Â °C. During this period, Dr. Rosomoff exemplified in dogs the advantages of mild hypothermia pursuant to a traumatic brain injury or ischemia. Researchers conducted further animal studies in the 1980s showing the capacity of mild hypothermia to function as a general neuroprotectant, especially after obstruction of blood flow to the brain (Sessler, 2005). In 1999, after a skiing accident Anna Bagenholm’s heart stopped beating for at least three hours during which her body temperature was 13.7 Â °C prior to resuscitation. In addition to animal studies, as well as Anna Bagenholm’s misfortune, there have been at least two landmark studies published in 2002 in the New England Journal of Medicine. Both studies demonstrated the benefits of applying mild hypothermia following a cardiac arrest. Subsequently, in 2003, the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILOR) and the American Heart Association (AHA) endorsed the application of mild hypothermia after cardiac arrest. Presently, a growing number of hospitals worldwide incorporate the recommendations of AHA/ILCOR and embrace hypothermic protocols in their standard care packages for patients who suffer cardiac arrest. Certain researchers further contend that induced hypothermia is a better neuroprotectant after obstruction

Work-Related Project Analysis Essay Example for Free

Work-Related Project Analysis Essay Note: Usethe same project addressed in the Work-Related Project Analysis, Part II. Consider this as a follow-up, incorporating the transition from design to implementation for selected business system at the department or division level. Write a 1,400- to 2,100-wordpaper describing the development and implementation stages for the situation specified in previous weeks.Include the following:  · A discussion of major activities, including coding, testing, installation, documentation, training, and support.Include specific descriptions of how each activity would be planned for the individual project. Provide reasonable assumptions where needed.  · A discussion of benefits of using defined and repeatable processes for accomplishing these activities for implementation Include 3 to 4 references relevant to the assignment, in addition to the assigned readings. These should relate to the best practices in the area being discussed this week. References should not only provide definitions to  the words used, but also validate your discussion in the paper. Format your paperconsistent with APA guidelines. AS you already know, there are as many ways to succeed in college as their are to fail. The important thing is to know yourself and create a college plan that works for your lifestyle, your learning style and work ethic. Us the tips from the article above to create your own winning c To download this tutorial follow the link https://bitly.com/12BNn3Z AS you already know, there are as many ways to succeed in college as their are to fail. The important thing is to know yourself and create a college plan that works for your lifestyle, your learning style and work ethic. Us the tips from the article above to create your own winning college strategy. Business General Business Individual Work-Related Project Analysis, Part III Resources: Work-Related Project Analysis, Parts I and II Note: Usethe same project addressed in the Work-Related Project Analysis, Part II. Consider this as a follow-up, incorporating the transition from design to implementation for selected business system at the department or division level. Write a 1,400- to 2,100-wordpaper describing the development and implementation stages for the situation specified in previous weeks.Include the following:  · A discussion of major activities, including coding, testing, installation, documentation, training, and support.Include specific descriptions of how each activity would be planned for the individual  project. Provide reasonable assumptions where needed.  · A discussion of benefits of using defined and repeatable processes for accomplishing these activities for implementation Include 3 to 4 references relevant to the assignment, in addition to the assigned readings. These should relate to the best practices in the area being discussed this week. References should not only provide definitions to the words used, but also validate your discussion in the paper.

Comparision Of Ssadm And Ethics Using Nimsad

Comparision Of Ssadm And Ethics Using Nimsad In this chapter, we going to describe and compare two interesting methodologies named ETHICS Effective Technical and Human Implementation of Computer-based Systems. and SSADM (Structured System Analysis and Design Methodologies). ETHICS is a methodology used to solving problem in various field in ethical approach and SSADM is a methodology used to solve problem in Information System. Here there is a comparison between these two methodologies to understand what are the process undertake in those methodologies. There is also discussion about some limitations as well as benefits of two methodologies. For comparing those two methodologies NIMSAD method is used. NIMSAD (Normative Information Model-based Systems Analysis and Design) is a framework which is mainly used for evaluating methodologies. NIMSAD methodology will use four elements to evaluate those methodologies. These methodologies have several advantages as well as several disadvantages, so here there is a discussion about that i n details. Here there is also having description about how the development process is going on in both the methodologies. When evaluating these methodologies we discuss about the problem situation, who is the problem solvers and Problem solving process. ETHICS: ETHICS is an acronym that has an ethical approach to solving problem. ETHICS is introduced by Enid Mumford (Manchester Business School) in the year 1969. Since then, ETHICS was used intensively in both industry and health service (Mumford, 2003). ETHICS is mainly support human Participation (Avison Fitzgerald, 1995) and also it has Socio-Technical Character. During the development process, Ethics helps to the users to find it easier to accept the new system and also help them to get involve into the new system. Due to this, Job efficiency will increase and also leads to higher job satisfaction. The past traditional systems are considered only about economic and technical factor, so it leads to get failure. This led to the appearance of a socio-technical approach, according to which, a system to be successful and effective it has to fit close with the social and organizational factors (Mumford, 1983). The objectives of ETHICS are to create effective, efficient and acceptable Systems. ETHICS also ensure that the design task achieves good organizational design and technical design. ETHICS ask the development people to communicate and share their ideas with team membes.This will brings efficient output at the end. ETHICS methodology is mainly looking for job satisfaction and both short and long term efficiency. It mainly helps to find problems of existing systems and setting efficiency and social objectives for new system. Finally design the new system and implement it. To perform these process, ETHICS group consist of managers, users and technical experts. Ethics Methodologies consist of some stages to create a new system efficiently and effectively. Those stages are explained below step by step: Step 1: Why Change? The design group is finding the drawbacks in current systems and discusses to get answer for the question why do we need to change? (Mumford, 1993). This gives answer to the design group that why they going for new system. Step 2: System Boundaries This step mainly used to identify the boundaries and how boundaries are connected with other systems and also how it interacts with other systems. Step 3: Description of Existing System In this step, design group members all should understand how the existing system works. Before starting to develop new system, they should have knowledge about existing system to start new one perfectly. Step 4: Definition of Key Objectives: The main aim of this stage is to identify the main objectives for the design group to develop new system. Depend on this objective only they will start to do work. Step 5: Definition of Key Tasks In this step, they will identify the main task which they have to follow. These tasks will be helpful to achieve the above planned objectives. Step 6: Key Information Needs This step mainly used to identify the information needed to carry out the tasks. Step 7: Diagnosis of Efficiency Needs Here the design groups identify the weak links in old system and have to prepare document for that weak link. Weak links are in the existing system which prone to error. These drawbacks are eliminated when developing the new system. People who all are outside the team can also find efficiency needs and they will involve in the development process. Step 8: Diagnosis of Job Satisfaction Needs ETHICS mainly aims to achieve high job satisfication and also it identify the user needs and search the ways to satisfy the user needs. This step will give oppertunity to other people to involved in the development process. Step 9: Future Analysis When developing the new system, development people should not concentrate only to overcome the existing problem. They also have to concentrate about future need that should useful be useful for different environment in future. . Step 10: Specifying and Weighting Efficiency and Job Satisfaction Needs and Objectives This step says that everyone in the organization should involve for development process to fulfill the objectives. Mumford finds that this step is very important in this methodology. Step 11: Organizational Design of the New System This step will helpful to satisfy the objectives and to achieve job efficiency. This step is said as logical and conceptual design for the new system. Step 12: Technical Options The physical design of the new system is used in this stage. After investigating and evaluating technical options, finally some options are most suitable to fulfill the project objectives. Step 13 Preparation of Detailed Design Work Here the new is designed in detail and they will prepare perfect documentation from previous steps. The task and responsibilities are allocated to the several groups. All developing people will have effective relationship when they doing the process. Step 14 Implementation This is the most important stage. After developing the successful project, developing team should implement the new project. Step 15 Evaluation After implementation, the system will evaluate to ensure the new system satisfy the objectives. The system should be efficient and effective. SSADM: SSADM is a water fall method that flows a structured approach to the analysis and design of information systems. SSADM is mostly concerned with describing data and processes through data flow diagram. In the year 1981, SSADM is used as mandatory method in UK for their project development. Later other countries and most private organization start to use SSADM (Ashworth et al, 1990). It is an efficient method to explain description in dataflow model. SSADM helps the project development team to understand the following questions: 1) What is to be done? 2) When is to be done? 3) How is to be done? 4) Where the resultant informs is to be documented? (Bentley et al, 1995) The basic assumption that systems have an underlying, generic, data structure which changes very little over time (Ashworth et al, 1990). This is called as data-driven method. There are several SSADM techniques available all grouped together and form framework of sequent stages. These stages will have many inputs and it will get corresponding outputs (Aktas, 1987; Ashworth et al, 1990; and others). The framework has some component like Structures, Techniques and Documentation. Structures will define all the stages in development process. Techniques shows how development team implemented there product. And the documentation will contain details of the development process. It will be used for references in future (Ashworth et al, 1990; Bentley et al, 1995). The users should need experience and help from developers to use this application. SSADM approach consists of two phases. They are: 1) System Analysis phase 2) System Design phase In System Analysis phase, there are three modules. Those modules are used to study the proposed system and finding requirement by analysing current system. Then they will set possible solutions for the system requirement. Until getting technical options, they have to analysis the requirement. In system design phase, after getting technical solutions developers will look for logical design. After finding logical design it transformed to systems physical design and to get physical design they will use different methods and techniques (Ashworth et al, 1990). The SSADM methodology consists of seven stages. Every stage is followed by reviewing to assure that the goals were achieved. Now we can see detail view about those stages. Stage 0: Feasibility Study In this stage, development team analysis and determine about the project is possible by the technologies and they determine whether project is financially justified or not. Here they will define the problem statement. The project should accepted by all people not only users and development team. They will set boundaries and analyses the problem and the boundaries are set by using data flow diagram. Stage 1: Investigation of Current Environment This stage is to analysis the requirement. In this stage, analysts understand system requirements and interviews employees and users about how to fulfill the requirements. They will also studies previous documentation for the reference. If there is no feasibility, they will investigate feasibility here. Stage 2: Business System Option Business system option is one of the requirement analysis stages. This stage will define boundaries of the solution and also define input and output. The transformation of the data all processed inside the system. Business system option will be founded in the previous stage and it may be the solution for system requirements. Analyst will collect some business system options and show to the client. Client will select any one from that. During this Stage 3: Requirements Definition This is requirement specification stage and it will be used to combine outcomes from first stage with selected business system option. It will lead to develop specification of the system. The specification will say that what the system going to do. Stage 4: Technical System Option Technical system option will be same like business system option but here they will have number of implementation options. In those implementation options developers will select most suitable solution. This option is evaluated by system performance, financial and time needed to implement the system, etc. This is logical system specification and it will be last stage of the analysis phase. Stage 5: Logical Design Last stage have been analysis about the logical deign but stage 4 only concentrate on technical implementation. This stage will have details about human factor. The designers will decide how the system has to interact with user. Output will be in commands, User interfaces and menus. Stage 6 Physical Design This is the final stage of SSADM methodology, In which implementation process will take place. Here developers will connect all outcomes of previous stages and give final output of the system. So finally developing team will pass the project to implementation. NIMSAD: Before comparing above methodologies we can see details about NIMSAD methodology and its elements. NIMSAD is a Meta framework that is used to evaluate the methodologies, structures, etc. This is special methodology for Information system development methodologies. But it will used in wide area. Methodology is defined as an explicit way of structuring (rationalizing) thinking and action, involving both critical and creative thinking (Jayaratna, 1994, p. xi). NIMSAD framework uses four elements to evaluate methodologies. The four elements are: 1) Problem Situation 2) Intended problem solver 3) Problem solving process 4) Evaluation In evaluation, it will evaluate all other three elements. Evaluation consist of two parts, they are internal evaluation and external evaluation. Internal evaluation means that it evaluates the methodology which is planned itself. External evaluation will consider about feedback, industrial reference, etc. Problem Situation: Here Organization will act as a framework for the information systems. It will found efficiency of Information systems. During the development process they will have interaction between the development members as shown in figure. Here they will investigate or examine about the present problems situation. FIGURE: 1 Intended problem solver: Intended problem solver also called as methodology user. The success of the project is mainly depending on problem solver. Even though methodology is more efficient, the successful implementation is depending on problem solver. The problem solver is not only from the organisation, they may be from outside the organisation. The problem solver may be designer, implementer, consultant or, etc. Problem solver will think in different view of methodology to make it efficient. FIGURE: 2 Problem solving process: Problem solving process is mainly used in all the methodologies. Without this element we cant perform any operation. In this process, they will consider about analysing and evaluating about existing system and finding problems in the existing system. Here they will maintain all process through either in diagrams or by documentation. After finding problems then they will analyse about requirement of the project and then after getting system requirement they will start to design the project. Then finally have to implement the new sytem to the environment. It should accept by society and it should be efficient to all people who all are can use the project. In problem solving process, there are three phases and these phases have divided into some sub stages as given below: 1) Problem formulation Stage 1 Understanding the situation of concern Stage 2- Performing the diagnosis Stage 3 Defining the prognosis outline Stage 4 Defining problems Stage 5 Deriving notional systems 2) Solution Design Stage 6 Performing conceptual/logical design Stage 7 Performing physical design 3) Design implementation Stage 8 Implementing the designs These three phases are mainly used for analysis, design and implementation of the project. Problem formulation: In first phase, Development team will find the boundary and analysis about the project. They will analysis about what are the problem will occur and finds solutions for that problem. In Problem formulation they will understand the concept of new system. Without having knowledge of new system they will not start to do work. Solution Design: In Solution design phase, logical design and physical design are take place. Here they will design as they planned in the previous phase with logical and physical design technique. Without completing first phase they wont come for second phase. Design implementation: In this phase, the designed project is implemented. Comparison of ETHICS SSADM: As said earlier, this section will have compare of both ETHICS and SSADM methodologies by using NIMSAD method. Problem Situation: To get an efficient output at the end, problem situation is one of the very important elements in ETHICS methodology. Here the developers in organisation all are communicate and share their thoughts each other and they will analyse about why they going for the new system. They will also find what the drawbacks are in present system. Here they will identify the boundaries, which are interacts with other systems. In SSADM methodology, analysts investigate about the problems with client. The analysts will be the technical person. By investigating the problem they will determine whether it is possible by technology or not. They will have all problem descriptions in data flow diagram, which is used to identify problem easily. During this stage, will have interview with both users and employees to analyse about the problem. When comparing with ETHICS, here they will analyse about client problem that means they will interact with client about their problems. Where in ETHICS, team analyse about existing systems drawbacks to overcome present situation. In SSADM, they only use dataflow diagram for reference but in ETHICS they will maintain detail description drawback of existing system. Intended problem solver: In ETHICS, each and every member in the project development as well as outside the project management team is all problem solvers. Here to improve the efficiency of the project, members from outside the project management team also involved in development process. They will identify the weak links in old system and inform to the development team. Everyone in the team as well as people from outside the team identifies the user needs and they will search the ways to fulfil the user requirement. So that outcome will be very efficient and it will satisfy the user needs. The developers and project managers are the problem solvers in SSADM methodologies. SSADM methodology mainly depends on technical aspects. So only developers only can think about situation and can analyse about problems. Here new users cant understand anything perfectly, so new users should need help from some experienced technical people. These problem solvers also need social skills to make project very efficient. When comparing SSADM with ETHICS, Other people (outside the team) cant involve into the process. In SSADM, only technical members in a team only can interact but in ETICHS members from outside the team are also the problem solver. Problem solving process: Stage 1 Understanding the situation of concern In ETHICS, team members and managers should understand what problem is present in the present system. Without understanding problems, they cant set objectives and they cant start to develop the new system. As discussed earlier, here project team find the answer for the question why do we need to change?(Mumford, 1993). Here the users, managers and technical peoples are all identify and originate the problem (Jayaratna, 1994). They will refer the old documentation and analyse the existing system for understanding about the drawbacks. In SSADM, They will construct the boundaries for understanding the problems. Dataflow diagrams are very helpful to construct the boundaries. Its very difficult to understand everything using DFD diagram, so this process are establishes the hidden boundaries. In this stage, ETHICS also construct the boundaries and they will connect boundaries with other system to communicate or share the boundaries. So both methodologies are constructing boundaries to get clear idea about project Stage 2- Performing the diagnosis In ETHICS, two dynamic processes are interacts with each other. First process is situation of concern; here they will understand the problem in existing system and second process is problem solvers idea. Here problem solvers will also identify weak links and inform to development team, they will prepare document for the weak link. Here they will give problem situation in diagrammatic view that helps to problem solver to identify the problems. They will also refer the existing systems document to understand about the problem solution. Dataflow diagram is mainly used in SSADM methodology. This diagram is very useful give clear idea about how formal data are flow. These dataflow diagrams will say how data is processed and also have details about logical data model and logical data flow model. In this stage they will indicate only regularly or frequently used pattern. So in ETHICS there will be clear idea about situation because they will maintain full document perfectly and clearly. But in SSADM only dataflow model representation so it is not efficient when comparing to that methodology. Stage 3 Defining the prognosis outline Prognosis is a process used to understand reasoning for change. It is not full description of new project. So in ETHICS, developers, managers and users should understand why they going for new system. Without reason or drawback they will not going for new system (as discussed earlier). Here developing team should analysis about drawback of existing system. This step is key step for newly proposed system. If there is no reason for developing new project then they will stop planning to develop the new one. Where in SSADM, prognosis is not necessary because new system will develop depend on client requirement. So client only know what they want. But here client will choose different Business Systems Options depend upon their needs. So in this step SSADM will be deferring from ETHICS methodology. Stage 4 Defining problems Defining problems is a stage used to identify gap between current state and wanted new state. Here developing team will examine what the things are missing in current state. So that they can rectify problem in desired state and this stage is depend on both diagnosis and prognosis. In ETHICS, developing team will analyses about how existing system works and what are the drawbacks available. Then they will find why they going for new project. Depend on problem definition only team members can set key objectives for the new systems. In SSADM, very early they will define the problem in feasibility study. Even they are defining the problem they are not clear because they dont have prognosis. Depend upon user requirement only they going to develop the new system. But in ETHICS they should define the problem before start to develop the new system. Here they dont have clear idea about why they going for change in current system because client only know about all details. Stage 5 Deriving notional systems: Deriving notional systems is a process used to identify requirement of a system. If system requirement is identified then it is more possible to conversion of current state to desired state. In ETHICS, they first investigate what are the drawbacks to overcome and then they will analyse about whether system requirement want to change or dont want to change. Here they will also analyse about technical options like hardware, software, etc. If they have enough requirements already they will start to do work. The requirements are gathering from the client in SSADM methodology. So this will be heavy advantage in this stage. After collecting requirement from client, developers will start to investigate about requirements and weather it is possible to complete the task or impossible. If they have all system requirements and other requirement then they will start to develop the new system. When developing new system, each and every time they will shows to client to check feedback from them. It is easier way to understand what the client wants. Stage 6 Performing conceptual/logical design: Most of the methodologies are using dataflow diagram, Logical data diagram, ER diagram for explain the process and define roles for individuals. The DFD is mainly used to say the information is passing and logical data diagram used to show what information is stored and how it is interacting. This diagram is mainly used in SSADM because that methodology mainly depend on diagrammatic view when comparing to ETHICS. This stage is much similar to conceptual/ logical analysis. In order to increase efficiency and to achieving objectives this stage will be useful. But in ETHICS, they will prepare documentation to have details about developing project. They mostly will not use diagrammatic representation like DFD and ER diagram but have all details in documentation. This stage will used to achieve job efficiency and it will satisfy the objectives. This stage will be more helpful to SSADM methodology because this methodology will mostly use DFDs to describe the process. SSADM is also useful for structured dialogues. The logical diagnosis diagram is modified to get this design and the diagnosis diagram is modified depend upon users requirement. In ETHICS this stage mostly not useful but in SSADM methodology this stage will be very helpful. Stage 7 Performing physical design: This stage is mainly used to understand about what are the things require for developing new project. Here in ETHICS they will investigate and evaluate the available technical option like Hardware, Software and User Interfaces, etc. This stage will be very useful the achieve the objectives. In SSADM methodology, here developers will use all the stages to get final design. This stage is mainly depending on technical side. End of these stage programmers will start to develop the project and implementation process also will start. But ETHICS methodology used to in all field where as SSADM is mainly focussing on technical side. So it is very big drawback in SSADM. Stage 8 Implementing the designs: This stage is final to give successful project to the environment. After implementing they have to train the users to say how to use the system and then integrate the new system into the environment. In ETHICS, depend upon the requirement they will use several tools and they will implement the project. We cant say specific stages to implement the project because requirement will be defer from each and every project. In SSADM, depend on user requirement they will develop the project and implement it. Evaluation: After implementing the project, finally have to evaluate that because simple execution of methodology is not efficient. It should be more helpful and it should be efficient in environment. Evaluation is mainly used to find what are the things have to change in new system and why they have to change the system. Problem situation, problem solvers, problem solving process these are the elements going to evaluate here. After developing the project it will evaluate how the methodology helps to develop that particular project. When evaluating these elements if they not satisfy with any process means they will start to do from first stage. At initial stage they will evaluate everything and plan to do project and also there is a chance to evaluate during the developing stage. As discussed earlier, in ETHICS after finishing implementation they will start to evaluate because they have to know whether new system is effective or not. And also they will evaluate whether it satisfy the objectives or not. If something is missing from objectives means they will start to rework the project and then re-evaluation will take place until they satisfy with their development. Where in SSADM there is no evaluation is take place because there is no objective to the developers. Here the developers are show the output of each stage to client and get feedback from them. So it wills satisfy the client in that way. Developing team no need to evaluate those things here. Conclusion: This above report is compared very important and interesting methodology named SSADM and ETHICS. Both methodologies are very useful in different fields. But ETHICS is mostly used in wide area but SSADM is for Information Systems. These two methodologies will have several benefits and also have several drawbacks. In both methodologies, people who are in developing team should need experience to develop the project. Without experience if they started to do develop then it will leads to failure. In this section, there is a comparison between two methodologies in several ways. In ETHICS mostly developing people will maintain document for having detail about developing process and for describing drawbacks, etc. but in SSADM they will use dataflow diagram for maintaining details and for showing operation flow. But these DFDs are not useful for different type of problem like web application, decision support, etc. In SSADM structured approach are used for designing and modelling but ETHICS is fully uses organisational framework. SSADM will have feasibility, analysis, logical design and physical design and Ethics will give job satisfaction as well as it will improve efficiency. SSADM will use waterfall model(Software Development Life Cycle model) in designing stage. So that at the end of development process they will prepare document for reference. In ETHICS, according to Objectives they will start to do work and also they will follow fifteen stages. According to that fifteen stages developers will develop the new system. SSADM is very costly for larger project and also have to write several docmentation for maintaining. But the documentation is not worthfull because they will have mostly diagramatic representation. ETHICS will also maintain the document but it will have full details clearly. In ETHICS they will develop project according to organisation objectives, so they itself analyse about present situation and going for new one. For example, In real time world microsoft introducing MS-Word in different version. Each and every version will overcome the drawback of existing version. In SSADM, client will give requirement so they have to analyse about that according to that developers have to start to develop. In ETHICS, outside the team members also act as a problem solver due to this the output will be very efficient. In SSADM only developers are the problem solver because they only will have knowledge about technical side. When comparing ETHICS with SSADM, ETHICS will look like very efficient methodology because that methodology widly used for different field. Even it having several advantage some disadvantage also available in this. people should communicate with each other and have to share idea in every stage. In SSADM drawbacks are high cost as well as need communication with experience person to gain knowledge. It not suitable for all kind of systems.

Greece: A Natural Beauty Essay -- History, Athens

There are many interesting things one can discovery about Greece; it has such an old history. Athens, Greece represents art, wisdom, and freedom because of the many accomplishments the city has made for the country over several years. Greece has fascinating geography, ancient life, and modern life. Greece is a beautiful country located in southern Europe. It is surrounded by neighboring countries such as Bulgaria, Macedonia, Albania, and Turkey. It mainly consists of a peninsula known as the Peloponnese. The country is north of the Mediterranean Sea, east of the Ionian Sea, and bordered by the Aegean Sea on the east. It is the most mountainous country in the continent.. About 80% of Greece is mountains. The Pindus Mountains is a mountain chain across the center of the country. The highest peak in theses mountains is 2637 meters high. A very significant city in Greece is Sparta, a city-state in ancients times, located in the Laconia region in the south-eastern Peloponnese on the Evrotas River. To the north, Laconia is separated from Arcadia by hilly uplands. Greece’s climate is divided into 3 classes; Mediterranean climate, alpine climate, and temperate climate. Mediterranean climate consists of mild, wet winters, and hot, dry summers. Alpine climate is the average weath er for a region above tree line, like in the west. In central and eastern Macedonia, the climate is temperate. Temperate climate is similar to mediterranean, but with cold, damp winters, and hot, dry summers (2). Another famous city in Greece is it’s capital, Athens. It was named in honor of the greek goddess Athena, goddess of wisdom and war. It was the birthplace of civilization, where democracy was first created, and most of the wise men of ancient times (10... ...thin its borders (6). They can welcome themselves to the Syntagma, a section in front of the king’s old palace, The Parliament. Syntagma is considered the heart of the city. It is very important to both natives and visitors because it’s the central point to access to all of Athens’ major attractions (1), such as their clean and roomy hotels, delicious greek restaurants, and other interesting places. There is a great number of places one can visit to learn more about the country, such as The Acropolis Museum, Municipal Gallery of Piraeus, The National Art Gallery, and the multiple historical museums. It should be greatly encouraged for anyone to take a trip to Greece, specifically Athens. Its history is so fascinating, and the power of its wealth is overwhelming. It has amazing geography, ancient life, and modern life. Its inner beauty would make you fall in love.

Modernization Essay

As we begin to ponder the future of modernization, and the possible consequences that are apt to occur, perhaps we should first revisit the definition of modernization. To this end we can start by saying that modernization is thought of as a concept that states that the development of societies can be considered as a standard evolutionary pattern that has a tendency to stimulate growth. It can also be considered as the concept that refers to the process where society goes through several stages, including industrialization, urbanization, and various other social changes, that tend to completely transform the lives of individuals. One must first take into consideration that modernization, taken in-and-of- itself, should not be considered either good or bad. Modernization is not limited to the geographical bounds of the United States but actually affects people worldwide, and has wide ranging effects including politically, socially, economically, and environmentally throughout the entire populated world. Of course, as in most things, there are positive aspects of modernization as well as several consequences. Perhaps it could be posited that Industrialization began the social changes in the United States society that could be referred to as the modernization of the United States. Although there were many changes before industrialization they were perhaps not as wide-ranging or as monumental. For the purposes of this discussion we can say that modernization refers to the changes of social patterns since the time of the industrial revolution (Macionis, J. J. , 2011). These changes are going to continue, so that we can have better and more efficient technology. Our buildings are even being built to endure certain circumstance based on location. We have advanced so much there would be no reason to take a step back now. We are finding more and better ways to improve our everyday lives and makes things easier for an everyday commute. We have changed the way we think and treat people as well. Since we are a more diverse society people don’t judge each other based on their race, gender, sexual orientation, or ethnicity. The way we treat others in the workplace and sexual harassment has changed also sexual harassment is now a serious crime and has consequences. Modernization is a world-wide trend. We often use conference calling for business meetings in foreign countries. Most countries now have access to the World Wide Web as well. Countries are looking for ways to modernize and adapt to the new technology we have available. There are societies and religions that do not believe in modernization such as the Amish. In some societies socialization has become closer among residents while others societies have grown further apart. Schools are adapting to other cultures and standards. Education is changing as well as work ethics and duties. Countries want to find new ways to expand and progress. Japan and China are two countries that have shown major modernization in the last few decades. All countries can benefit from the progression of modernization. Modernization helps to societies as well as has its negative aspects. We will discuss the negative effects later. Technology blends with our society and traditions are often lost. With more technology we find less need for backbreaking labor and many jobs are replaced with machines. Modernization has even affected our environment with pollution. There are positive aspects to modernization as well. As mentioned before the technology helps in the workplace by making things more efficient, faster, and less costly. Modernization has also change the way be build. Many of our buildings are now modernized and more appealing to onlookers. We can now see other parts of the world just by searching the internet. We can socialize with others that are across the globe without leaving our homes. Modernization has led to social, political, economical, cultural changes, and more. We have brought change in society in numerous ways. Modernization has helped to legalize same-sex marriages, abortions and other things that were considered forbidden before. Some fear with the advance in modernization that we may lose sight in religious values. The great thing about modernization is more people are thinking for themselves, and fighting for what they believe in. A study done in china had found that people in underdeveloped areas where more likely to get lung cancer because of smoking in their homes and using solid heat to cook and heat. The study found it was better on their health to live in a more modernized society. The wood and coal used to make their heat and warm their food was also a cause of lung cancer. So modernization, even though it has also caused pollution in the past, can also help us to become more environmentally friendly. This study shows that we are learning from our mistakes and making better choices to make a better future. Modernization has its good qualities as well as its bad. Technology will continue to advance and societies will continue to adapt. We will continue our want and need for something faster, better, and more efficient than the technology we already have. Countries will continue to compete with each other to come out with the latest technology and best advancements. We will continue to accept new trends, ideas, and values. Some traditions will diminish though we will have new advancements to take their place. The U. S. alone has grown to accept new things such as same sex marriage, rights to vote and more. With as advance as we have become worldwide there is no reason for modernization to stop where it is. We can always learn new things, make new things and come together as better communities. We can also learn to adapt and make better choices for our environment to ensure a healthier world for generations to come.

Tashi Tsering and a Modern Tibet Essays

Tashi Tsering and a Modern Tibet Essays Tashi Tsering and a Modern Tibet Essay Tashi Tsering and a Modern Tibet Essay Name: Course: Lecturer: Date: Tashi Tsering and a Modern Tibet Tashi Tsering studied in India and the United States making tremendous progress in his education. He then returned to Tibet with the hope of advancing the standards of living for his people. He wanted Tibet to be modernized, thereby improving the standards of living of the citizens. He constructed many primary schools in the rural Tibet so that the children in these isolated areas could go to school. He wanted people in Tibet to be educated in the ways of the modern world. Tashi experienced life in Tibet before and after the Chinese existence. Therefore, the struggle he goes through during the Cultural Revolution and the trouble he endures to set up the schools shows his dissatisfaction with the Chinese communist government and the effects it had on the people of Tibet. He, therefore, puts an effort to try to modernize Tibet. He feels education plays a greater role in modernization than any other social improvement. Tashi hopes that in the future, people in Tibet receive adequate edu cation, and this will lead to modernization and higher standards of living (Goldstein, Siebenschuh, Tsering, 121). The CPP views globalization in an extremely state empowering way. They believe it to be one of the ways of making china rich. China has been undergoing a string of changes and changing its economic scheme to be in line with the swift changing global market. This is to obtain globalization. However, some structural imperfections in china act as a barrier to its change to a competent market economy. Chinese leaders launched the Western Development Campaign to enable long-term constancy. This campaign had importance to the future success of china. It was to reduce the local economic differences and unite Tibet and other politically aware inner regions. The Dalai Lama to reclaim Tibet’s independence through non-violent means fought for more than twenty-five years. In 1988, they believed that the political system in china was instable (Goldstein, Siebenschuh, Tsering, 67). This worried them that their country would become destroyed. To prevent this potential catastrophe, the Dalai Lama decided to come to an agreement with the Chinese people. They did this by agreeing to the Chinese rule in order to protect Tibetan lives and existence. The Tibetans did not agree with the Dalai Lama’s way. However, the Dalai Lama believed this was the better option, and that it would eventually save their people. The Tibetans consider the Dalai Lama to be the revival of their lord of compassion. The Tibetans believe in the Dalai Lama’s teachings. The Tibetans are nonviolent, spiritual and tolerant people. They are usually strong-minded in their spirit. That is where their strength lies. Tashi, the CPP, The Dalai Lama and the Tibetans all had one aim of attaining globalization. They all desired development and to protect their people so that they may continue existing. They all aimed for a better nation. Tashi’s vision and approach was by building schools and facilitating learning for the Tibetans (Goldstein, Siebenschuh, Tsering, 97). This was so that they could be able to be knowledgeable and be able to improve their standards of living just as he had. He was dissatisfied with the Chinese communist government. This served as an inspiration that spurred him on to go an extra mile. He did this by building schools and learning facilities, even though he had to go through a great deal of struggle to meet his goals in life. Goldstein, Melvyn, William Siebenschuh, and Tashi Tsering. The Struggle for Modern Tibet: The Autobiography of Tashi Tsering. New York, NY: East Gate Book, 1999

Evaluate the Roman Achievement essays

Evaluate the Roman Achievement essays The greatest cities, the greatest empires, the greatest dictators, and the greatest example of conquest and administration in the history of civilization. More land than the united states, 3 million square miles acquired in 500 years and held for an additional 400 years. All the land, people and assets of the roman empire were controlled by one city, Rome. As the roman empire expanded, many diverse cultures were taken over and incorporated into the empire we called roman. When the cities were taken over, the entire upper level of the city would be executed and replaced by roman officials. A heavy tax would also be imposed on the economy that was sent to directly Rome. The rest of the city would be left alone and incorporated into the roman empire. The primitive barbaric uncivilized tribes would be treated in a similar way, where their leaders would be replaced with romans and instead of a financial tax, they would supply infantry for the roman army. Their military was extremely efficient since they did not tolerate any problems in the upper level of command. It was structured so that there were 100 to 120 soldiers in each legion, and that legion was commanded by a centurion. The soldiers would wear a leather helmet, leather shin guards, leather breast plate, and a leather shield. The weapon was a short sword called a gladius, where the word gladiator comes from. To attack, the soldiers would line up in 3 lines of 30 - 40 soldiers and then jog at the enemy to do battle. The administration was a democracy on paper, but in real life it was an aristocracy. The rich and powerful families of Rome controlled what the assembly did and thought. Since the entire assembly was controlled by the aristocrats, so was the way that the assembly voted. With the most powerful family in power, they control the army since the dictator is the general of it all. They control all of the cities since the assembly votes people into...

The Culture of Ukraine Rather juvenile investigation into the beliefs and customs of the people of the Ukraine.

The Culture of Ukraine Rather juvenile investigation into the beliefs and customs of the people of the Ukraine. The Culture ofUkraineThe Ukrainian people have made a spirited effort to preservetheir cultural heritage. There are several outdoor museum villageswhich display buildings, craft, and living conditions of the pastcentury. Folk dancing and music festivals are often held withtraditional, regional music and costumes.The theater scene in Ukraine is pretty lively. Performancesare mostly in Russian or Ukrainian. The Kyiv Opera House is thehome to many opera and ballet companies of considerable talentand with extensive repertoires. Government subsidies make operaand theater broadcasts less expensive. The Kyiv PhilharmonicConcert Hall, a nineteenth century church with a pipe organ, andthe Kyiv Opera House have a scheduled program that includesperformances by the Odessa Philharmonic Orchestra.Ukrainian contemporary art includes painting and sculpturein a wide range of both experimental and traditional styles. note:Are you noticing that, like practically every other cultural report,this paper i s giving you the impression that, if you didn't knowany better, Ukraine would still be in the eighteenth century, and Idon't remember any ugly municipal parking garages in theeighteenth century, and therefore this paper is not entirelyEnglish: Vydubychi Monastery in Kiev, Ukraineaccurate. Icons and folk arts are portrayed in museums, andcontemporary versions are skillfully done and can be purchased inart galleries and shops. There are several art museums in Kyiv aswell as a Kyivian history museum. There are house museumscontaining Ukrainian and European art. The former LeanMuseum, now referred to as the Ukrainian National House, usesits exhibition space to display numerous small exhibits. In additionto art, many museums have collections and exhibits on botany,zoology, geology, archaeology, and aerospace. How the Ukrainiangovernment fits approximately fifty-three million people in withall those museums and concert halls is a great demographicmiracle.Eleven years of schooling are mand atory in Ukraine, so thesecondary school system is a matter for the government. Schoolsare state run, (Of course they're state run. Did you ever see agovernment program that was privately run?) and deviation fromthe curriculum established by the Ministry of Education isfrowned upon. The objective of the secondary schools is to givestudents a good knowledge of the fundaments of the arts andsciences, as well as to teach them to use these fundamentsproperly.Students begin schooling at age six. Because there are noindividual buildings for elementary, junior high, and high schools,students remain in the same building until they graduate.After the ninth grade students have the option of entering atechnical school program. These can last from one year (if thestudent enters after graduating from secondary school) to threeyears (if the student enters after ninth grade). Entering a college oruniversity in Ukraine is very competitive in Ukraine. Applicantsmust produce a certificate of graduati on from a secondary schooland to pass difficult examinations. I mean the kind ofexaminations that would make the Graduate Record Exam looklike a two-year-old putting together blocks.Educational policy favors the study of science andtechnology. Kyiv is rich in institutes of higher learning. MohyloAcademy is a private liberal arts university recently built on thesite of Ukraine's first university, which was founded in theseventeenth century. Among the other new facilities is a school oflaw that offers courses in both Ukrainian and English. There aremany American graduate students studying in Ukraine under aprogram administered by the International Research and ExchangeBoard (IREX) program. Professors from the United States conductcourses in American literature (an near-oxymoron) and othersubjects under the Fulbright program.The switch from labor to leisure in Ukraine is not as plannedas in other countries. Ukrainians generally work as hard at onetask as possible so that they needn't t ry again.There are a variety of ways Ukrainians do spend their leisuretime. One popular way is to combine the relaxations of drinking,eating, singing, and get some fresh air. This is also known asgoing to a picnic to get drunk, after which you eat enough chili togive all of southeast Asia heartburn. If you can obtain tickets,movies, ballets, and plays are a favorite weekend diversion.Sports complexes can be found in nearly every major city inUkraine. These complexes usually house a swimming pool,facilities for aerobics, boxing, and team sports. There are sportsacademies for students, or they may use their own school facilities.But if none of the above is available, a grassy surface in a parkwill suffice. Adults also take part in amateur competitive sports.Their most popular sports are soccer (with good reason),basketball, volleyball, hockey, and boxing. Tennis is slowlygaining popularity, and the Ukrainians have again proven theirintelligence, for there are no golf courses in all of Ukraine.

Innovation and Creativity and Enterprise Research Paper - 1

Innovation and Creativity and Enterprise - Research Paper Example Through illustrations to back up this statement, the article shows how viable this notion by Schumpeter is; decades after its realisation. Emirates Airline is the national flight company of the emirates of Dubai that was established in 1985. The airline is located at Dubai International Airport and it also serves the United Arab Emirates. With regard to the number of passengers ferried, Emirates Airline is the largest airline globally and the fastest developing with expansions across all continents. The fleet largely comprises of Airbus and Boeing crafts. The Airbus A830 is the prime passenger carrier in the fleet. The flights cover various destinations around the world such as: Middle East, Africa, South Asia, North America, Europe and Australasia. The air shipping segment serves over 40 terminuses (Centre for Aviation). The airline industry in the Middle East, like anywhere else is subject to cyclical fluxes. Emirates Airline has experienced various hurdles and overcome them to gain its current standing. Technological and economical innovation are a part of the strategies assumed by the airline in a bid to stay ahead of the competition. Joseph Schumpeter acknowledged innovation as the critical dimension of economic development. According to Joseph, market power and entrepreneurial activities rely on innovation for them to flourish. The short lifespan of certain technologies is the catalyst that provokes development in various industrial fields for it creates a temporary monopoly in the market that the rivals compete to outdo. He believed that the innovation process was driven by major firms that spared no expense in research and development undertakings (McGraw 2007, pp. 4-6). The innovation theory formulated by Joseph has in varied forms been implemented by Emirates Airline in its brand positioning and market entry approaches. In the

Euro crisis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6000 words

Euro crisis - Assignment Example In other it will shed light on the factors that are responsible for the generation of such situation. Furthermore the consequences of the euro crisis will be emphasized. Some examples will be also presented to illustrate the impact of the situation. During the year 1992 the leaders from Europe signed an agreement on ‘European Union’. The agreement was also known as Maastricht Treaty (â€Å"Key Dates in the History of European Integration†). The contract laid the foundation of the fiscal union and was also about the adoption of Euro. The treaty eventually bounded all the monetary policies & currencies to bring it under one single roof. This included the countries such as GIIPS (except Greece), countries with stable and largest economies and also the nations of northern Europe with successful economy. The northern European members such as Germany, Belgium, Austria, France, and the Netherlands expected that the economy will diffuse throughout the whole periphery. The members of EUN also thought that their economies will prevail over the economies of GIIPS. Averaging the public borrowings costs and the inflation levels for the period of 1980 to 1990, the GIIPS (except Greece) witnessed that their interest rates and inflation congregates with the EUN in the year 1990 (â€Å"Europe’s Debt Crisis: More Than a Fiscal Problem†). The Mauritian financial system was affected by a major outside factor and this time it is the financial crisis in Europe or popularly known as the Euro zone Crisis. The European sovereign debt crisis or popularly known as the Euro Crisis is an ongoing financial emergency that has caused difficulties for a number of countries from Europe in refinancing the debt of their Government (Khan). The situation got worse to such extent that without assistance of any third party it will be impossible for the respective Governments to repay their debts. In

Multi project assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Multi project assignment - Essay Example The successful completion of projects and tasks is found to often be as a result of the combined efforts of the various members of a given team. It is important for teams to ensure that they are able to work as a single cohesive unit so as to be able to be effective and successfully manage to achieve the team’s goals. Some of the good things that were seen to happen to the conglomerate team during the course of the game were that the team members showed good cooperation and were able to communicate effectively and unite to work as a team exhibiting sufficient harmony and trust in their work. The groups were also able to effectively deal with some of the risks such as the potential failure by suppliers to make deliveries in good time and the risk of faulty products. In addition to this, changes were well received by the team members who effectively adapted and ensured that that the processes proceeded flawlessly. Communication The open communication of both information and idea s is widely perceived to be an integral aspect of effective team functioning. Good communication between team members is seen to be associated with a number of outputs that are commonly attributed to positive communication between team members, these outputs are seen to typically include good project performance, innovation as well as commercialized products and patents (Neider, 2005). After having been assigned into our respective groups by the tutor, My fellow Conglomerate group members and I met to develop a possible strategy on how we would be able to tackle the exercise that we had been assigned. Having been selected as the group’s PMO, I was tasked with the key responsibility of ensuring that I offered adequate help to my fellow group members to help them calculate the overall and total budget. We managed to elect a PM for our group and the various pairs of the different member countries set off to discuss on the possible strategies that they would use so as to be able to effectively control the timelines and budgets of the country for which that they happened to represent as council members. During this initial meeting, considerable time was spent setting both the deadlines and milestones that the various council members in the different countries were supposed to achieve. In my capacity as the PMO, I also took time to painstakingly highlight individual project objectives for the different council members and upon ascertaining that all the group members clearly understood their assigned roles. All the conglomerate team members actively contributed to the general development of individual checklists that would be used by the team members so as to avoid any eventually of their overlooking critical aspects of their projects. The group had an efficient communication strategy as the team members, the PMO and the PM were able to communicate with each other during the frequent meetings that were scheduled to be held briefly on a daily basis. In the even t that a matter happened to arise, it was possible for the members, the PM and the PMO to communicate via email and phone calls. The team members were able to debate on and unanimously agree on an agreed timeline for the different stages of the projects by different countries so as to minimize any eventuality of the country’s having to spend on the projects while at the same time avoid penalties resulting from reassignments and cancellations of bookings.

Effective Human Resource Management - Warbings Office Systems Plc Case Study

Effective Human Resource Management - Warbings Office Systems Plc - Case Study Example The essence of having SMART objectives at Warnings Office Systems Plc is important for the success of the business. First, goals and objectives enable the achievement of the company’s mission and vision statements; in this case, they are supposed to ensure that they are stated to reflect the mission and vision statements of the company. By helping employees create their SMART objectives, Warnings Office Systems Plc can easily follow up by motivating these staff. In this case, they can evaluate the effectiveness of these objectives, ensuring that they are specific, measurable, achievable, realistic and time-bound as expected. These objectives ensure that the employees are always working out their activities according to the requirements of the business, thus achieving success. According to findings from the company, Warnings Office Systems Plc has been suffering from the problem of cohesiveness. It is important to understand that the business environment is always dynamic. This is with respect to the methods of management, development of products and services as well as marketing practices Training of line manager is essential at Warnings Office Systems Plc in order to enhance its success and effectiveness. By training its line managers, the company can equip them with the latest trends in human resource management, marketing, and other important company practices. This training can be done at a place identified, far from the business, or when the resources are not enough, the company can organize an in-house training. Whether done within the business or away, training of line managers is effective if it achieves the stated goals and objectives. For this reason, Warnings Office Systems Plc should ensure that it develops the most effective way of how to conduct such training on a continuous basis.

Cross-culture essay (Cross-National Work Experience Interview)

Cross-culture (Cross-National Work Experience Interview) - Essay Example rst, according to Melissa Honda, the major glaring difference between the Japanese and the USA workplace culture is the cooperation aspect of the workplace. This cultural difference is referred to as the collectivism vs. individualism difference (Yūki and Brewer, 136). In the USA, there is the tendency of most workers within a working environment doing their tasks on their own, and only engaging others when there is a need. Thus, to the extent that an individual in the USA workplace environment is able to accomplish all the required tasks by him/herself, then there is little engagement with the rest. However, the case is very different in Japan, more especially in the project management related industries, where the workplace mostly constitutes working groups as opposed to individuals. Individuals in Japan collaborate in every aspect of accomplishing their tasks, such that by the end of the project, the work is a product of various contributions, as opposed to being the product of individual specialty. In the high individualistic cultures, self-determination is highly valued (Gudykunst, 241). Thus, the USA work environment comprises of an environment where self-determination plays the biggest role in the accomplishment of tasks, such that there is a high level of segmentation and division of labor within organizations, based on the individual worker’s specialty. On the other hand, Japan presents a collaborated work environment where the tasks are more attributed to group work and group collaboration, such that the individual workers will work well in groups as opposed to working as individuals (Yūki and Brewer, 147). Thus, Melissa initially faced the challenge of accomplishing the designated tasks single-handedly when she joined her organization in the USA in 2012, and had to take a few months to get used to this different culture of working. Nevertheless, having worked for the organization for three years now, Melissa is now capable of working both as an

Customer care trainee report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Customer care trainee report - Essay Example On a simpler note, it is about delighting the customers so that they will continue doing business with the company. Customer service is also defined to be a sequence or even a cycle of activities designed to enhance the level of customer satisfaction which is the feeling that a service or a product has met the customer's expectation. Finally, for a customer, it is "a function of how well an organization is able to constantly and consistently exceed the needs of the customers." ("Making A Point of Good Customer Service") Maximizing profit by providing excellent quality service is necessary and crucial. Companies need to know the way to succeed from the combination of customer loyalty, efficiency, and revenue. For most successful firms, they put customers at the core of organization's business system making it the most important aspect for profit generation. What makes companies be at the top of the game at the market place is the commitment to achieving and exceeding customer satisfaction and their continuous self assessment on how well their products and services fulfill the needs and expectations of the clientele. In order to sustain the competition, these companies have to show vision, diligence, and passion to benefit the customers. As a result of this belief, successful firms continuously deliver superior value to customers, at times, regardless of the products conditions. For instance, one's products may appear to be obsolete compared to others; however, top businesses are still able to sell t hese goods because of their ability to build the products' value to the customers on a consistent and continuous basis. Value is created by explaining the benefits of the products or services, addressing concerns, queries, or problems, and uncovering the needs of customers. A company that can present greater advantages to a customer is the frontrunner at the business world. Companies lose so much when they ignore the customers' needs, do not show any distinctive competence or customer empathy. Many products remain to be unsold and even with excessive marketing efforts; it still cannot influence customers to avail of either the products or services. It further irks the customers when they feel that companies are only after their money through alluring advertisements and publicities, and nothing more. The skill to be able to deliver the value to your clients is through excellent verbal and non-verbal communication skills and active listening. There are simple rules on how to maintain exceptional quality customer service starting with learning how to listen. It is said that when customers have complaints, it is usually because of something. Companies need to accept complaints positively; first, as a chance to give more details about a concern, second, as a means to learn something. Through this, companies are given the opportunity to better their goods and services at the proposition of the customers. Interrupting a complaining client is never a good way to resolve issues; on the contrary this is the easiest way to drive them away. Remember that one unsatisfied customer tells about twenty people and a business cannot afford to lose clients simply because they cannot patiently listen to customers concerns or that they take things

Effective Human Resource Management - Warbings Office Systems Plc Case Study

Effective Human Resource Management - Warbings Office Systems Plc - Case Study Example The essence of having SMART objectives at Warnings Office Systems Plc is important for the success of the business. First, goals and objectives enable the achievement of the company’s mission and vision statements; in this case, they are supposed to ensure that they are stated to reflect the mission and vision statements of the company. By helping employees create their SMART objectives, Warnings Office Systems Plc can easily follow up by motivating these staff. In this case, they can evaluate the effectiveness of these objectives, ensuring that they are specific, measurable, achievable, realistic and time-bound as expected. These objectives ensure that the employees are always working out their activities according to the requirements of the business, thus achieving success. According to findings from the company, Warnings Office Systems Plc has been suffering from the problem of cohesiveness. It is important to understand that the business environment is always dynamic. This is with respect to the methods of management, development of products and services as well as marketing practices Training of line manager is essential at Warnings Office Systems Plc in order to enhance its success and effectiveness. By training its line managers, the company can equip them with the latest trends in human resource management, marketing, and other important company practices. This training can be done at a place identified, far from the business, or when the resources are not enough, the company can organize an in-house training. Whether done within the business or away, training of line managers is effective if it achieves the stated goals and objectives. For this reason, Warnings Office Systems Plc should ensure that it develops the most effective way of how to conduct such training on a continuous basis.

Customer care trainee report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Customer care trainee report - Essay Example On a simpler note, it is about delighting the customers so that they will continue doing business with the company. Customer service is also defined to be a sequence or even a cycle of activities designed to enhance the level of customer satisfaction which is the feeling that a service or a product has met the customer's expectation. Finally, for a customer, it is "a function of how well an organization is able to constantly and consistently exceed the needs of the customers." ("Making A Point of Good Customer Service") Maximizing profit by providing excellent quality service is necessary and crucial. Companies need to know the way to succeed from the combination of customer loyalty, efficiency, and revenue. For most successful firms, they put customers at the core of organization's business system making it the most important aspect for profit generation. What makes companies be at the top of the game at the market place is the commitment to achieving and exceeding customer satisfaction and their continuous self assessment on how well their products and services fulfill the needs and expectations of the clientele. In order to sustain the competition, these companies have to show vision, diligence, and passion to benefit the customers. As a result of this belief, successful firms continuously deliver superior value to customers, at times, regardless of the products conditions. For instance, one's products may appear to be obsolete compared to others; however, top businesses are still able to sell t hese goods because of their ability to build the products' value to the customers on a consistent and continuous basis. Value is created by explaining the benefits of the products or services, addressing concerns, queries, or problems, and uncovering the needs of customers. A company that can present greater advantages to a customer is the frontrunner at the business world. Companies lose so much when they ignore the customers' needs, do not show any distinctive competence or customer empathy. Many products remain to be unsold and even with excessive marketing efforts; it still cannot influence customers to avail of either the products or services. It further irks the customers when they feel that companies are only after their money through alluring advertisements and publicities, and nothing more. The skill to be able to deliver the value to your clients is through excellent verbal and non-verbal communication skills and active listening. There are simple rules on how to maintain exceptional quality customer service starting with learning how to listen. It is said that when customers have complaints, it is usually because of something. Companies need to accept complaints positively; first, as a chance to give more details about a concern, second, as a means to learn something. Through this, companies are given the opportunity to better their goods and services at the proposition of the customers. Interrupting a complaining client is never a good way to resolve issues; on the contrary this is the easiest way to drive them away. Remember that one unsatisfied customer tells about twenty people and a business cannot afford to lose clients simply because they cannot patiently listen to customers concerns or that they take things

Rethinking Video Game Violence Essay Example for Free

Rethinking Video Game Violence Essay Technological advancements made in the twenty first century have continuously altered the lives of every individual in this planet. Digital technologies have made communication among individuals very easy with the click of a button. In addition to this, technological advancements have also affected how people entertain themselves. Children all over the world are already abandoning their traditional toys. Action figures, matchboxes, building sets and puzzles are now losing its popularity because of the invasion of video games. The technological advancements have introduced the Play Station, Xbox, Game Cube, etc. to millions and millions of children all over the world (Mayor, 2005). True enough; the development of video and online games has continuously invaded the households of citizens all over the world, targeting their most important clients, the children. For some reason, video games only cater to the young adolescents and children; only in rare cases do they tend to be successful in influencing the adults. This is due to the fact that these games were designed using the role-playing method, which only entice the younger population as they are the ones who could not distinguish which is real and which remains to be in the fantasy realm of their minds. When adults observe children playing video games, the former fails to see what the latter sees (Mackey, n. d. ). In one way or another, these video games contribute to the construction of the children’s identity and culture, thus greatly affecting the lives of the children. With the popularity of video games increasing, the traditional ways by which childhood is characterized have continuously eroded and undermined. Somehow, no one knows where and what childhood really is about (In Search of the Child, 1969). Together with these advancements in technology come social problems associated with children and the youth such as drug-trafficking, teenage crime and the involvement of children in crime. The development of these video games has continuously instilled fear upon educators and parents as they continuously affect the children’s lives. Critics of video games fear transmission of violent messages to the children as they engage in playing with these video games (Squire, 2002). It was in 1980 when these video games were developed when President Reagan called for the creation of cold war warriors, knowing that these games would instill skills and attitudes to the warriors. However, more critics become more and more afraid of the effects of these games to cultural activities. They would often think that these would become influence children negatively as these would cause the young children addiction in technological developments (Squire, 2002). In April of 2002, a U. S. District Judge named Stephen N. Limbaugh, Sr. made a claim which somehow contrasted this particular fact. According to this very famous personality, video games are not capable in conveying ideas or expressing anything else that could possibly amount to speech (Jenkins, n. d. ). Because of this, video games did not enjoy constitutional protection since then. Limbaugh also said that for as long as games do not express ideas, no game shall be protected even if laws clearly state that children and the youth should not have access to any form of media that is said to explicitly contain violence and sexual messages (Jenkins, n. d. ). According to different research and studies made regarding this topic, the kids who have are now part of the videogame generation does not respond to traditional instructions. Because of this, researchers and educators worry that video games transmit hyper competitive and distorted sexual values to the children. Government policies have been constructed in such away that violent messages could not reach the children. Government policies introduced censorship practices which aim to keep the different homes safe from violence and distorted sexual messages. There had been several devices developed that could help in filtering out violent messages from reaching the homes of the children (In Search of the Child, 1969). In addition, video games are said to turn the children’s attention away from their academics (Squire, 2002). This particular ruling met a lot of criticisms, arguing that video games do express ideas that could definitely influence the minds of the youth negatively. Video games are seen to have psychological and social effects (Jenkins, n. d. ). According to some critics, gamers produce meanings through game play and other related activities. Effects are often seen as they emerge in the game itself. Thus, meanings become visible through interpretations as it continuously reflect our conscious engagement. Through this, they would be put into words and finally, examined. New meanings would often arise from what we already know and think. Because of this, each and every player would interpret a game according to his or her own experience and knowledge (Jenkins, n. d. ). In the same manner, it is often argued that children could not distinguish fantasy from reality. Due to this, focusing on meaning would increase the knowledge and competence each player has, that would often start with the mastery of particular concepts that differentiate the fantasy from the real world (Jenkins, n. d. ). This paper would look into the effects of video games on the children and the role they play in the lives of the children. In the same manner, it would look into how violence is instilled in the minds of these children through these video games. In addition to this, this paper shall look into how these games construct meanings and identities for the young children. For this paper to accomplish these tasks, it shall be using the game RuneScape, developed by Jagex Ltd. , one of the most popular online games in the whole world. RuneScape Released and Operated by Jagex Ltd. in 2001, RuneScape, once again is one of the most popular games in the world. It is said to take place in the fantasy world of Gielinor which is divided into different kingdoms, regions and areas. Players travel throughout the world by foot, often using spells and devices and other means of transportation. As they travel to each region, players face different monsters and quests. In the same way, more and more materials are being made available to them (RuneScape, 2007). Players are portrayed in the screen as avatars that could easily be customized. The players of this game could set their own goals and objectives together with the activities they would want to pursue in order to reach their goal. Competitors engaged in the game are not encouraged to pursue a linear path. They fight with other players, monsters, complete quests and increase their experience in all the skills available. Interaction between players is also encouraged through chatting, trading, etc (RuneScape, 2007). Video Games and their Impact to Children’s Lives A very famous retired military psychologist, Grossman said that video games teach kids to kill in the same way the military trains their soldiers. This very famous retired military man turned psychologist identified the following military concepts included in video games. The following are: brutalization, classical conditioning, operant conditioning and role modeling. These concepts are said to be adopted by the training camps as they prepare their soldiers for the battlefield (Jenkins, n. d. ). These methods have similarities in the way players interact with the computer games and other players. Because of this, the over exposure of children to these kinds of violence at the age when they are still having a hard time in distinguishing fantasy from reality brutalize them. Because of the rewards associated with the different video games, the children are trained to kill in exchange for these prizes. In addition to this, Grossman claims that a child acquires the same conditioned reflex and motor skills the soldiers have every time he plays an interactive point-and-shoot video game (Jenkins, n. d. ). Lastly, soldiers tend to imitate the role models being made visible in the games. Thus, the possibility of acquiring the same skills in real life is high. For humanist researchers on the other hand, these games are very powerful tools for teaching. It could help players in problem solving as they can see their mistakes as opportunities for learning and reflection (Jenkins, n. d. ). Thus, they would be finding better solutions to their problems. The different video games encourage the players to form their own hypotheses, and in the same manner, test them. In the obstacles that they face in the game world, their abilities are pushed to the highest level, since these games are designed in such a way that players would be encouraged to meet their goals (Jenkins, n. d. ). Thus, video games increase aggression among its players which then affects crime rates all over the world. Because of this, even unrealistic video games could be dangerous for the children and young adolescents. According to an experimental study that dealt with college students that engage in video games, these students have increased aggression after exposure to fantasy violent video games. This then proves the alarming situation at hand, that young adults are even affected by the violent messages transmitted by video games even when they are already supposed to know how to differentiate between fantasy and reality (Anderson, 2003). Because of this, these video games are said to be more dangerous than violent television shows and cinemas. In the same way, newly developed video games are now designed to reward the players for killing innocent bystanders, police, prostitutes, etc. using different means and weapons (Anderson, 2003). Hence, the plots of video games are now worse than ever, becoming more and more violent. In addition to this, there are even games that make some criminals as the heroes of the particular video game. For the author of the book What Video Games Have to Teach Us about Learning and Literacy, the most powerful dimension of these games is the projective identity. Projective identity is the way role-playing allows us to experience the world from different perspectives. Identity then is chosen, accepted or constructed rather than imposed through the games that they engage in. How Video Games Define What it means to be A Child Young children, as mentioned often find it hard to distinguish fantasy from reality. Thus, most children are engaged in games that often involve role-playing. As defined, role-playing games are composed of sessions where group of gamers meet to play. Make believe rules are often formulated which may be simple or sophisticated. As adults already know the difference between reality and fantasy, they find it hard to grasp the concept associated with role playing games (Fei, n. d. ). These role-playing games have said to continuously influence the personality of the children and other young adults. These particular influences, in turn help in shaping the identities of these teens, especially those that are still in the so-called development phase (Fei, n. d. ). How Children Use Video Games to Construct their Realities and Identities As mentioned in the previous parts of this paper, children engage in role playing activities when they play with video games. Thus, this somehow helps them in constructing their realities and identities, how they perceive themselves. This perhaps is the reason why research published in 2000 supports the fact that playing violent video games increases one’s aggressive thoughts, feelings and behavior. Apparently, without the children’s proper discernment of what is right and wrong would lead them to the adoption of these concepts that are supposed to exist only in the fantasy world in real life. In the study conducted by Craig Anderson and Karen Dill, it showed that their college student respondents have been influenced by the violent games they have played or are currently playing. It is quite obvious that the aggressiveness they have acquired through playing these violent video games caused their delinquent behaviors in the past (Anderson, 2003). In the same manner, video games have been a very popular avenue in which certain children construct their gender realities. In one way or another, video games have played a very important role in enhancing the gender differences between the girls and the boys. Based on observation and research, the characters, stories and worlds created by girls are truly different from that of the boys. Obviously, boys are more violent than the girls, making violence the most popular feature of the video games for boys. On the other hand, the girls just do not find the themes of these video games appealing – hunting, battling with monsters, etc. Because of this, video games tend to be more popular among the male kids than the female ones. In addition, this then leads to the social construct embedded upon the young minds of these children. At a very young age, the differences between the roles of the males and the females are quite clear to them (Kafai, 2001).

Free Trade and Competition for the EU

Free Trade and Competition for the EU Is it fair and in the interests of free trade and competition for the EU to impose quotas on the Chinese textile industry or is the EU guilty of protectionism? The trade relationship between the European Union and China is one that has existed for several years now. However, this relationship is one that has had its share of conflicts over the past 15 years or so, with regard to the volumes traded between the two regions. Since China entered the WTO in December 2001, trade barriers between China and the European were removed in order to ameliorate trade between the two. However, the textile and clothing product volumes that were exported from China to the EU began hurting the domestic markets in the EU. It was due to this occurrence that the EU decided to re-apply quotas on China. In accordance with WTO principles, this is apparent violation of a developing country’s products. However, when China entered the WTO, the agreement asserted that a member may re-impose quotas on China for one year if that member’s markets were being hurt through China’s export volumes of textile and clothing products. Introduction If one looks back around a hundred or more years ago, life was certainly simpler than it is today. This refers to the fact that there have been a plethora of developments that have impacted everyone. The developments that one may consider in particular are technological ones as well as intellectual ones. Some may even go as far as asserting that each of these drives the other. However, because of more awareness and technological development, life today is more complex than it was before. In every field one considers today, things are generally more complex. The business environment is a good example, as it is one that is influenced by an array of newer ideas as well as new technology. The technology mentioned here refers to the inventions or innovations that have made globalization possible. Business in today’s world has to consider this macro economical phenomenon, as it is a major part of the business today. Globalization does not only affect international trade, but also has its impact on trade within each country. In addition totalling about the unavoidable globalization aspect of business today, it is important to focus on business ideas and relationships that forma major part of them. An example of trade relations is the trade relationship between Chin and the European Union. Rationale The trade relationship between the European Union and China is an interesting and important relationship to study because of the fact that it has a long history behind it. In addition to this, it is an important relationship to study because it helps to expose aspects of competition, rapid growth, as well as questions regarding free trade and protectionism. With increased emphasis in recent times on factors like free trade, it’s important to understand the relationship that has prevailed between China and the European Union. In addition to this, it is important to understand why there may have been changes in this long relationship over the years. More importantly, it of interest to scholars and all those associated with international business that the reasons for recent changes in the relationship. These changes include the Imposing quotas on the Chinese textile industry. Research Question In view of the relationship between the Chinese and the European Union being studied in this paper, there are several details that will be exposed. However, the main question that will be dealt with includes the following: Is it fair and in the interests of free trade and competition for thee to impose quotas on the Chinese textile industry or is the EU guilty of protectionism? In order to answer this question, there needs to be detailed study of relevant data on this subject. To begin with, there is need to explore all pertinent matter on this subject, which will be dealt with in the following section of this paper: Since technological advancements have promoted more effective communication around the world, international business has been greatly facilitated. Many economies have grown as a result of better communication. The European Union and particularly China have ameliorated their means of business because of effective communication. Certainly, these effective means have enhanced the speed with which trade has taken place. Richer countries, like those in the European Union, have had the capital in to invest in ventures across the globe, and have subsequently thrived of other markets . China on its part has been faced with the necessity of keeping up to date its communications methods and systems. This has been one of the grounds for concern in the past few years, as China is a major player in international trade. Businesses that were previously limited to UK markets have been extended to other places around the globe, as a result of globalization. Products that were freely available in one part of the world were easily spread into several others. The result of this was greater influx of revenue earned, and the chief operating office or store would benefit in its original location. This is true to say fork or US establishments that had chains in markets where labour is cheap. Certainly, with the advantage that chain store provided businesses, it’s no wonder why this example of international business has been highlight in the trade arena. In addition to chain stores being lucrative earning opportunities, there are several other opportunities that have risen . In terms of considering economic conditions, it can be asserted that globalization has presented businesses in countries like the UK and US with ample opportunity for outsourcing work. This is quite a common trend now as there are markets available to countries like the UK that have cheaper labour. Outsourcing to places like India is common today because UK companies are known to save a great deal of revenue. They need not hire workers in the UK because they are more costly in contrast to hiring them in India. In time to come, more and businesses will be conducted this way through hiring labour outside teak where it is cheaper. Therefore, it can be asserted that International Business is expected to undergo more changes in time to come. This is because of the fact that businesses are still in the process of realizing the scope of profits that can be earned. China is another country that has managed to take its products to other regions, and is still in the process of ameliorating its communication methods. However, it does not face significant obstacles in this regard. Technological Developments that Impact Business Today: There are several reasons why some may believe that international business is modified by technology. This is perhaps because the causes of this are more evident in their physical form. Developments such as credit cards, swipe machines and e-commerce technology, etc., are few of the things that are implemented as part of everyday business (Kennedy,2000, 34-9). With the use of credit cards, one can make an international business transaction. There is no need to travel to different parts of the world to get a particular product. Products that are affordable, like ones from China, can now be purchased while one sits at home [Taylor, 2002, 28]. Goods of various kinds are available through the Internet, and countries like China with a mass of products can serve one in almost any part of the world. This is possible because of products being available through the Internet and through payment with a credit card, etc. Here, one can see how important the establishment of the Internet has been in promoting international business too. The Internet is at the centre of technology as well as economic and political conditions too, and it is almost always considered when controls are being decided upon regarding safeguarding international business. This refers to the fact that businesses are known to exchange vital data across it during transactions or other forms of communication through it (Kennedy, 2000, 34-9). Also related to the Internet-based technology is telecommunication that has been transformed too. This type of technology has made things more convenient for business individuals in different parts of the world. Countries like China have been working to make sure their systems are up to date and capable of meeting requirements of trading partners like the EU. Today, instead of business people having to meet in person, they simply have online conferences and conversations. Even prior to signing contracts and going through with business deals, these forms of corresponding are proving to be successful. China is no stranger to these forms of communication (Kennedy, 2000, 34-9). The Trade Relationship between the European Union and China: Trade relations between different countries are important as they each form a part of a larger trade environment. Considering the China-European Union trade relationship, it can be asserted that this trade relationship indeed forma a significant part of the overall trade environment. This is because of the fact that China is third on the list of countries that the European Union trades with. What may be considered to be more significant is the fact that this trade relationship is one that has a long history to it, and has seen three different stages. Another interesting fact to note is that export and import volumes have always been on the rise between these two countries over the years in spite of obstacles coming in between these countries. The three stages through which the China and European Union trade relationship has gone through is as follows: 1. Western ostracism/Chinese self-sufficiency, 1949-1959; 2. Increasing bilateral trade development/low conflict levels, 1960-1988; and 3. EU-level trade policy/explosive trade growth/increasing trade conflict, 1989-present The first stage is the stage within which sanctions were imposed on China because of the Communist takeover. The sanctions were first imposed by the United States of America, and then were followed by the European countries. The trade volume during this period is almost not worth considering, and whatever trade did take place before these sanctions could be considered as a starting point in the trade relationship. Having sanctions imposed could in a manner of speaking mean that there was a relationship between Europe and China. Otherwise there would be no need for sanctions. The following stage in the trade relationship between China and the European Union describes a gradual increase in trade. The gradual increase in trade was later transformed into rapid trade developments[Table 1 reflects these trade development] and even agreements being signed between the two regions. Out of the different trade agreements signed during this period, it can be said that the most important of these are the agreement on commercial co-operation [1978], and the trade and economic agreement signed in [1985] . The third phase in which China and the European Union are in reflect the rapid trade progress that began in the second stage of their trade relations. Though this third stage has seen several developments, it has also seen several conflicts. However, bilateral relations still continue. The problem that seems to be most significant is that the European Union is further tightening its rules on the trade relationship with regard to specific products. The latest of these obstacles to trade between China and the European Union is the licensing quotas that have been imposed by the European Union on the import of textile from China. What do obstacles like quotas do? When two countries have traded for several years, they automatically gain an understanding between each other and trade volumes tend to expand gradually. This is similar to what exists between China and the European Union. They have traded with each other for several years, and this has led to agreements being signed between them. This has meant that trading between the two regions has become more practical, as trading obstacles were removed significantly. When trading obstacles are mentioned here it means that tariffs are removed. Precisely, this is why quotas should not be applied to any trade relationships as it introduces tariffs on trade. When tariffs are introduced, trade is less convenient, and this may even be a sign of deliberate attempts to reduce trade between two regions. In the case of China and the European Union, since the European Union has imposed licensing quotas on exports from China, it is apparent that the EU wants to mitigate textiles coming from China. This is because the EU had signed agreements that reduced tariffs and trade barriers when they traded with China (Ma, Wang, 2001, 22-5). Is There Any Specific Reason for the European Union Imposing Quotas on China? Over the years, when the EU has traded with China there has been change in the quality of exports coming from China. Previously, China had been known for its low quality products (Dong et al, 1998, 19-27).However, it can be asserted that there has been a change in the quality that China produces for the EU market. China has become increasingly aware of the fact that the EU market is quality conscious. This is because they understand that the market in several EU members is affluent. Particularly, Germany is a market that goes for high quality goods. China has therefore understood the need to develop an identity that may not have been before. Since European consumers now demonstrate shift in their attitudes, there is more scope for Chinese and other Asian countries to cater to these attitudes. A significant segment of consumers in the EU are ready to explore new brands (Lee, 2003, 20-2}.With their high expectations of new products and brands, these consumers present tremendous scope for the Chinese and other Asian countries to produce quality goods and services. Particularly in the case of the Chinese, it can be asserted that with their low cost quality goods, they can capture a great deal of the market (Fuchs,2003). In accordance with surveys, it is thought that China indeed has good chances of capturing a significant part of the European market as compared to other Asian countries. What goes in China’s favour is the fact that they have had had a long relationship with the European Union, and consumers have taken to their products. In addition to this, China’s prices have been more affordable than other Asian countries, considering the quantity they produce as well. It is because of this that China has managed to maintain an image as a supplier to major markets [Fuchs, 2003]. This has also helped its reputation as it has managed to align itself alongside other members of the WTO. Therefore, on its part, China has done nothing to violate the rules of the WTO (Williams et al, 2002, 577-91. Having mentioned China’s abidance by the WTO rules, it is worth noting that China had Seventy Thousand Textile and clothing enterprises in2002, of which only twenty present are state-owned. With more than 80percent of the textile industry in the hands of the private sector, China is doing well to abide by WTO policies. Though China has been doing well, in 2002, it was predicted that China was headed for obstacles. One of the first obstacles was thought to be â€Å"the increasingly strong hi-tech tendency led by information progress†. Considering that there has been an immense advancement in data interchange, e-commerce and virtual trading sites, if China did not focus on these aspects it would not be able to stay in the market(Taylor et al., 2001). In addition to this, it was thought that China would have to face an â€Å"expediting tendency of economic globalization and market integration marked with the World Trade Organization† . Obviously China has been making progress in these directions, and this is the reason why they are still in the market and in demand as suppliers of quality products at reduced costs. Though there are still many consumers who have the impression that China continues with its low quality and bulk produced goods, there are also many consumers who are ready to explore the newer Chinese brands that aim at producing better quality to consumers in thee that have higher expectations [Fuchs, 2003]. As far as working according to the WTO expectations is concerned, China has managed to so far combat its trade functions that are not according to WTO expectations. As a result of this, China has gained through its membership, and it is ready to take further steps in order to be completely in sync with WTO standards (Yang, 2001, 437-42). One benefit that China has had since it joined the WTO is that its textile and clothing exports to the US have increase momentously. This is reflected in the fact that US textile and clothing imports from China had risen by 124 % in 2002. This was one year after China joined the WTO in 2001.â€Å"Chinese exporters reduced their prices in order to gain a greater share in the market. They were able to do so, among other reasons, because quota rents were reduced and Chinese enterprises increased their productivity by investing heavily in new machinery and technology† (Knapped, 2003). As a result of this, China realized that it had even greater scope for exports, and continued to work towards enhancing its quality and output in the textile and clothing industry. In 2000, China’s output in the textile and clothing industry has stood at 97.7% while the US has stood at 76.3 %. In contrast to these high percentages, the EU’s output has dropped from 53% (1980) to 29% (1995).Quite obviously, the EU textile market has been on the decline, and has also been known to undergo a continuous process of restructuring in this industry . Another interesting fact to note is that while import quotas were reduced in the past 15-20 years, China’s exports to the EU increased bay startling 164%. In contrast to China’s huge volume of export to thee in the category of textile and clothing, other countries only increased their exports to the EU by 10 % . Since the USA and the EU both had anticipated such a situation in which China would overwhelm domestic markets in these two countries [in the category of textile and clothing products], when China entered the Wrother agreement included allowing any member to re-impose quotas in order to safeguard themselves. The agreement allowed any member to impose quotas for a period of one year between 2005 and 2008, but this was only in the case of domestic markets being affected in the USA and thee . What Does the WTO Say About Discrimination? It is known that agreements formed between member countries are meant to benefit all members as a whole. It is rare that agreements intrude discriminate against some countries. In order to prevent discrimination in trade taking place, the WTO has set standards that are to be followed closely. Being a successor to the GATT, it follows the principles set by the GATT as well. Indeed, many of the newer policies established are a result of GATT policies that were first established in the 1940s (Brews, et al, 1996, 27-51). The WTO [World Trade Organization] is the successor of the GATT[General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade]. The WTO is at present, an organization, which has further developed various policies dealing with multilateral trade, and also has maintained and followed policies that were established under GATT. Policies that are followed under GATTinclude articles 1 and 3 under GATT 1994. The WTO upholds the GATT 1994policy, which consists of the principle of non-discrimination. These are particularly relevant to the trade relationship between China and the European Union (Brews, et al, 1996, 27-51). Basically, the principle of in the GATT 1944 has two main points that promote fair multilateral trade. These include the Most-Favoured Nation[MFN], which is the clause contained in GATT Article I, and the second one is the National Treatment rule that comes under Article III(Brews, et al, 1996, 27-51). In accordance with Article I, Members of the WTO are not supposed to discriminate between the products of other Members and the products that are from any other country. This is especially the case with developing countries that try to promote themselves as possible. No country is supposed to have any special trading benefits with another country or discriminate against it. As a result of this, all members are believed to have equal rights, and they all have the same benefits that come of any rules for lower trade barriers (Hoekman Kostecki, 2001, 37-50). The MFN principle mentioned earlier, guarantees countries, whether they are developing countries or ones with little economic leverage, so that they may gain freely from the most appropriate trading conditions no matter when and where they are decided upon. The important component of non-discrimination, National Treatment, is yet another supporting factor. In accordance with Article III, once products have been launched in any market, they should be treated the same as locally produced ones (Brews, et al, 1996, 27-51). It must be asserted that the principle of non-discrimination is the central rule around which the rules of the multilateral trading system are established. Another consideration that might be brought into play is the fact that the WTO practically overrules the other policies and laws when it comes to sustaining trade between countries. Its policies are such that it has the power to overrule laws such as environmental-based as well. In addition to this, it is an agreement that is believed to be powerful enough to overrule government powers through imposing sanctions. Theta agreement has the power to overrule policies that prevent trade from taking place multilaterally (Martin Ianchovichina, 2001,1205). Free trade refers to an agreement whereby all member countries are allowed to conduct uninhibited trade without any barriers being imposed on them once their products are introduced in the market (Brews, etal, 1996, 27-51). The WTO mission statement asserts that the organization aims at promoting smooth and free trade through encouraging lower trade barriers. In addition to this, it also provides a platform that caters to the negotiation of trade; it helps in resolving trade disputes as well between member nations. Also, the aim of the WTO is to aid producers of goods and services, importers and exporters to carry out their businesses (Hoekman Kostecki, 2001, 37-50). The WTO Trading system follows the following principles in order to fulfil their mission. It asserts that: 1. A trading system is encouraged to be more competitive. 2. A trading system needs to be open and accommodating so that less developed countries are encompassed. This will provide them with more time, greater flexibility, and privileges too. 3. A trading system needs to be free of discrimination in order to prevent one country from discriminating against another country or against foreign products or services. 4. A trading system should not have barriers that inhibit it from trading freely. 5. A trading system needs to be predictable in a manner that foreign companies and governments can have the confidence that trade obstacles will not take place and that the markets they invest in will not suffering anyway (Hoekman Kostecki, 2001, 37-50). From the above, the WTO promotes a suitable environment within which businesses can be introduced, can operate, and may not be driven out of easily. It is an organization lends tremendous support to trading countries like China that has immense scope for growth. Methodology: In order to conduct a study and answer the above research question, there is need to understand what can be deciphered from the matter reviewed. The matter reviewed will essentially consist of authentic material that is concerned with the relationship between China and the European Union, and also what the WTO principles state regarding the trade relations between these two sides. The literature review will reanalysed thoroughly so as to expose the underlying answer to the research question. For this study, there will be a qualitative as well as a quantitative method employed. This means that in addition to the literature review that would serve as a good amount of data, a survey will also be conducted and analysed. The survey will consist of 10 questions and 50participants randomly selected. This data obtained through the survey will be compared with the reviewed literature in order to determine whether opinions coincide or not. Sources for the literature review are ones that are relative to the issue and are authentic, as they are taken from books, journals as well as official websites, newspapers and magazines. Sources used in the literature review are relevant to the area of study as well as the other relevant views that help in exploring this area of study as deeply as possible. In addition to the use of the sources mentioned above, the important factors belonging to field studied here are obtained from other studies and presentations, which means that this Isa qualitative study. This helps to bring together a wider range of opinions and facts that can be analysed from different angles. Careful analysis will be carried out in order to answer the research question. After analysing the facts presented and making use of opinions as well, the study will be concluded. Analysis Trade relations between any two regions are not only governed by principles set between them, but are also directly influenced by factors outside the relationship. This could refer to globalization-influenced communications or even political rules through organizations. The relationship between China and the European is an example of a trade relationship that is subject to external influences as well as the agreements set between the two regions. The reason why it is said that the trade relationship between China and the EU is influenced by external factors is because of the comparisons that are often made with the EU’s trade relationships with other countries. Also, the fact that China is now a member of the WTO means that both trading regions are now under the WTO obligations (Martin Ianchovichina, 2001, 1205). However, the trade relationship between the two regions is not mitigated by the WTO. Instead, the WTO encourages a better trade relationship between the two regions. It can therefore be said that the trade relationship between the EU and China is one that is mainly influenced by the agreements that the two countries have. The history of the relationship between these trading regions plays an important role in understanding the relationship, as the relationship was strengthened over a several years and trade volumes grew proportionately as well (Martin Ianchovichina, 2001, 1205). The European Union’s Viable Markets: Since the very beginning of the trade relationship between China and the European Union, both sides saw immense scope for exports and imports. This is because both of them realized that they had markets that needed services and products from each other. Particularly, the European members realized that they had a vast consumer market the Chinese could cater to. Chinese products and services suited Consumers because of the fact that China was able to supply in bulk and that to at a low cost. Till today this is one of the major reasons why the EU is keen on trading with them. This is in spite of the fact that there are conflicts between the two sides. The Chinese have always realized the potential in EU market through the years. They are aware of the fact that they can produce products and services that are affordable for most consumers in the European Union. They have understood the consumers in the past as well as now, and are aware of the shifts that are taking place in consumer culture. The Chinese are also well aware of how much they need to ameliorate their quality with regard to particular products and services. They know that there is an affluent market to cater to in addition to the average consumer who would settle for more affordable products produced in China. Since the general impression of China has been that they produce low quality products in bulk, the Chinese are changing that image now. They know that a significant portion of the EU market has affluent individuals who want quality products. China knows that it is in apposition to produce this quality for a small sacrifice. They will lower their margin of profit in order to achieve this, and would still be able to make profits that are more than what other countries can do. In addition to being aware of their capability and how much they can do to withhold significant portions of the EU market, the Chinese also know that there is a portion of the EU market that is willing to explore newer brands. This is something that would help them create a better image for themselves. As mentioned above, many believe that China produces low quality goods. However, with a significant portion of the EU market being curious enough to explore new products, gives China a good opportunity to ameliorate its image as a country that produces quality goods (Kong, 2001, 1181-214). This is the case with the textile and clothing products that China produces. It has aimed at producing better quality in recent times, but may also have low quality as well because the change is still in progress. Demand for Chinese Textile and Clothing Since it Entered the WTO: Since it entered the WTO in 2001, China’s textile and clothing products have been in demand in both, the USA and the EU. The fact that they have improved their quality and because they are cheaper than the same products supplied by other countries, puts them ahead (Martin Ianchovichina, 2001, 421–446). In addition to this, there aren’t many countries that can produce goods in the quantity that China can [Table3 reflects the increased number of employed individuals in China].However, China is flooding the market with its textile and clothing products, and this is a significant degree of concern for developed countries like the USA and the EU. The EU in particular has objected tithe manner in which their market has been flooded and the manner in which their domestic producers are being hurt. This is the reason why they are now imposing quotas on Chinese textile and clothing exports. Quotas that previously applied to Chinese exports to the EU were removed in order to ameliorate trade between the two regions. This waste make trade more prosperous, and it certainly did help the trade volumes increase significantly. However, after 2001, when China entered the WTO, Chinese textile and clothing products were welcomed to such an extent that they flooded the EU market. This is the reason why the EU has decided to re-impose quotas on Chinese textile and clothing exports to the EU (Martin Ianchovichina, 2001, 421–446). Many object to the EU re-imposing quotas that bring back the effects of tariffs and trade obstacles between China and the EU. They believe that it is unfair and that the EU is abandoning its commitment to trade under the WTO rules. Here, it is important to include what the WTO rules assert regarding such a situation where the EU has attempted to mitigate textile and clothing exports from China to the EU (Martin Ianchovichina, 2001, 421–446). Is the European Union Violating WTO Principles? In view of the WTO principles, it is clear that member countries are not supposed to discriminate against any products or member countries. In addition to this, it is said that no member me provide advantages intrude over other member countries. This is something that the EU has done